The Forel-Ule scale is a method to estimate the color of bodies of water. The scale provides a visual estimate of the color of a body of water, and it is used in

limnology Limnology ( ; from Greek λίμνη, ''limne'', "lake" and λόγος, ''logos'', "knowledge") is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems. The study of limnology includes aspects of the biological, chemical, physical, and geological characteristi ...

and

oceanography Oceanography (), also known as oceanology and ocean science, is the scientific study of the oceans. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamic ...

with the aim of measuring the water's transparency and classifying its biological activity, dissolved substances, and suspended sediments. The color scale of 21 different colors can be created using either a set of liquid vials or a set of color lighting filters in a white frame. The classic Forel-Ule Scale uses a set of liquid vials of multiple colors. Together, the liquid vials represent a standardized color palette created by using a set of small transparent glass tubes containing colored water by adding different

concentrations In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: '' mass concentration'', ''molar concentration'', ''number concentration'', an ...

of stable inorganic salts. By mixing different chemicals (distilled water, ammonia, copper sulphate, potassium-chromate and cobalt-sulphate) a standard color scale is produced in a set of numbered vials (1-21). The set of vials is then compared with the color of the water body. The result is a color index for the water body which gives an indication of the transparency of the water and thus helps to classify overall biological activity. The color graduations correspond to open sea and lake water colors, as they appear to an observer ashore or on board a vessel. The method is often used in conjunction with the

Secchi disk The Secchi disk (or Secchi disc), as created in 1865 by Angelo Secchi, is a plain white, circular disk in diameter used to measure water transparency or turbidity in bodies of water. The disc is mounted on a pole or line, and lowered slowly down ...

submerged to half the Secchi depth, so that the color can be judged against a white background. A set of color lighting filters against a white background can also be used as a Forel-Ule scale, called a Modern FU plastic scale. High-quality lighting filters of many colors are combined with one another to create the 21 colors of the traditional Forel-Ule Scale when viewed against a white background, such as white plexiglass.

History

The method was developed by

François-Alphonse Forel François-Alphonse Forel (February 2, 1841 – August 7, 1912) was a Swiss physician and scientist who pioneered the study of lakes, and is thus considered the founder, and the Father of limnology.Prof. F. A. Forel. Nature 89, 638–639 (1912). ...

and was three years later extended with greenish brown to dark brown colors by the German limnologist Wilhelm Ule. The Forel Ule scale was a simple but adequate scale to classify the color of rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. The Forel-Ule scale observations, along with temperature, salinity, bathymetry, and

Secchi depth The Secchi disk (or Secchi disc), as created in 1865 by Angelo Secchi, is a plain white, circular disk in diameter used to measure water transparency or turbidity in bodies of water. The disc is mounted on a pole or line, and lowered slowly down ...

, are some of the oldest oceanographic parameters dating back to the 1800s.

Role in citizen science

In the Netherlands, a project called the Citizen’s observatory for Coast and Ocean Optical Monitoring (Citclops) project has begun crowdsourcing water color measurements from citizen scientists. Citizen scientists estimate the color of the water with the Forel-Ule scale using a smartphone app called “Eye on water.”

References

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External links

Official website
Oceanography Color scales Color Water

History

Role in citizen science

See also

References

External links